Physical Metallurgy / vol. 2
- 3rd ed.
- vol. 2 = pp. 934-1957 +16 p. 20 cm
vol 2 = ch.14- 30
Author index p. 1913 + 16 p. subject index
Front Cover -- Physical Metallurgy -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of contributors -- Synopsis of contents -- Preface to the fourth edition -- Preface to the third edition -- Preface to the first and second editions -- Chapter 1. Crystal structure of the metallic elements -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Factors governing a crystal structure -- 3. Crystal structure of metallic elements -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter 2. Electron theory of metals -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Band formation -- 3. Simple-metal bands -- 4. Transition-metal bands -- 5. Bulk properties -- 6. Structural stability -- 7. Heat of formation -- 8. Band theory of magnetism -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter 3. Structure and stability of alloys -- 1. Solid solubility -- 2. Terminology (types of solid solutions) -- 3. Energy of solid solutions and phase stability considerations -- 4. Factors governing solid solubility (Hume-Rothery rules for primary solid solutions) -- 5. The meaning of "electron concentration -- 6. Termination of primary solid solubility -- 7. The atomic size in solid solutions -- 8. Intermediate phases with wide solid solubility -- 9. Lattice spacings in solid solutions -- 10. Defect structures -- 11. Order in solid solutions -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter 4. Structure of intermetallic compounds and phases -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Chemical composition of the intermetallic phase and its compositional formula -- 3. Crystal structure of the intermetallic phase and its representation -- 4. Relationships between structures and structure "families -- 5. Elements of systematic description of structure types. General remarks and references -- 6. Description of a few selected structural types -- 7. On some regularities in the intermetallic compound formation and structures. 8. Semi-empirical approaches to the prediction of (intermetallic) compound formation -- Appendix 1. Gazetteer, in alphabetic order, of intermetallic phases cited in this chapter -- References -- Appendix to chapter 4. The structure of quasicrystals -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Description of quasiperiodic structures -- 3. The structure of quasicrystals and approximants -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter 5. Metallurgical thermodynamics -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Metallurgical thermochemistry -- 3. Phase equilibrium in a one-component system -- 4. Chemical reaction equilibrium -- 5. Ellingham diagrams -- 6. The thermodynamic properties of solutions -- 7. The thermodynamic origin of phase diagrams -- 8. Reaction equilibrium involving solutions and the Gibbs phase rule -- 9. The thermodynamics of surfaces and interfaces -- 10. The measurement of thermodynamic activity -- Bibliography -- Chapter 6. Phase diagrams -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Binary phase diagrams -- 3. Ternary phase diagrams -- 4. Multicomponent phase diagrams -- 5. Thermodynamic calculation of ternary and multicomponent phase diagrams -- 6. Phase diagrams with potentials as axes -- 7. Experimental techniques of measuring phase diagrams -- 8. Bibliography -- 9. Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 7. Diffusion in metals and alloys -- 1. Macroscopic and microscopic theories of diffusion -- 2. Experimental methods -- 3. Self-diffusion in pure metals -- 4. Self- and solute-diffusion in dilute alloys -- 5. Diffusion in concentrated alloys -- 6. Electro- and thermomigration -- 7. Diffusion along short-circuits -- 8. Diffusion under non-equilibrium defect concentrations -- 9. Diffusion in amorphous metallic alloys -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter 8. Solidification -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Heat flow in solidification -- 3. Thermodynamics of solidification -- 4. Nucleation. 5. Interface kinetics -- 6. Solidification of alloys with planar and nearly planar S-L interfaces -- 7. Cellular and dendritic solidification -- 8. Polyphase solidification -- 9. Fluid flow and casting structure -- 10. Solidification processes -- 11. Structure manipulation and new processes -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter 9. Microstructure -- 1. Definition and outline -- 2. Elements of microstructure -- 3. Characterization of microstructure -- 4. Development of microstructure -- 5. Nanostructured materials -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter 10. Qualitative and quantitative surface microscopy -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Optical microscopy -- 3. Scanning electron microscopy -- 4. Scanning tunneling, atomic force and related microscopies -- 5. Other special techniques of surface microscopy -- 6. Topochemical techniques and surface spectroscopy -- 7. Quantitative interpretation of microstructural geometry -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter 11. Transmission electron microscopy -- 1. Introductory remarks -- 2. The instrument -- 3. Information from the diffraction pattern -- 4. Theory of diffraction contrast -- 5. Dislocations -- 6. Point-defect agglomerates, radiation damage -- 7. Precipitates -- 8. Structure of grain boundaries and interfaces -- 9. High-resolution TEM -- 10. Analytical electron microscopy -- Appendix. Elements of the kinematical diffraction theory -- References -- General bibliography for transmission electron microscopy -- Addendum -- Addendum References -- Chapter 12. X-ray and neutron scattering -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Scattering from real crystals -- 3. Bragg peaks and vicinity -- 4. Between Bragg peaks -- 5. Near the incident beam -- 6. Energy transfers -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter 13. Interfacial and surface microchemistry. 1. Introduction - The chemistry of interfaces and physical metallurgy -- 2. Thermodynamic features of interfacial adsorption -- 3. Methods of measuring the microchemistry of interfaces -- 4. Theory of segregation processes -- 5. Segregation-related physicochemical properties -- 6. Metallurgical phenomena affected by segregation -- 7. Interfacial microchemistry and materials design theory -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter 14. Oxidation, hot corrosion and protection of metallic materials -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Fundamentals of oxidation -- 3. Oxidation of alloys -- 4. Multi-component atmospheres -- 5. Hot-salt corrosion -- 6. Test and measurement methods -- 7. Life prediction modelling -- 8. Developments in coating technology -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter 15. Diffusive phase transformations in the solid state -- 1. General considerations -- 2. Nucleation-and-growth transformations -- 3. Continuous transformations -- 4. Application of phase transformation theory to specific alloy systems -- 5. Problems in phase transformations -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter 16. Phase transformations, nondiffusive -- 1. Overview -- 2. Martensitic transformations -- 3. Crystallographically similar transformations -- 4. Omega phase formation -- 5. Phase changes and charge density waves -- References -- General bibliography -- Chapter 17. Physical metallurgy of steels -- 1. Iron and steel -- 2. Alloys of iron -- 3. Transformation reactions -- 4. Deformation and recrystallization -- 5. Mechanical properties -- 6. Other physical properties -- 7. Solidification -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter 18. Point defects -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Vacancy properties -- 3. Self-interstitials -- 4. Miscellaneous radiation effects -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter 19. Metastable states of alloys -- 1. Introduction. 2. Formation of metallic glasses (amorphous alloys) -- 3. Practical methods of creating metastable phases and microstructures -- 4. Metallic glasses: structure and properties -- 5. Rapid-solidification-processed (RSP) and other metastable crystalline alloys -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter 20. Dislocations -- 1. Elementary geometrical properties -- 2. Elastic fields of dislocations -- 3. Crystal lattice effects -- 4. Dislocation behavior at low homologous temperatures -- 5. Dislocation behavior at high homologous temperatures -- 6. Grain boundaries -- References -- Chapter 21. Mechanical properties of single-phase crystalline media: deformation at low temperatures -- 1. Overview -- 2. Kinematics of deformation -- 3. The mechanical threshold of deformation -- 4. Elements of thermally activated deformation -- 5. Selection of slip systems in specific crystal structures -- 6. Plastic deformation by shear transformations -- 7. Evolution of plastic resistance with strain: strain hardening -- 8. Deformation of polycrystalline solids -- 9. Phenomenological continuum plasticity -- 10. Deformation instabilities and strain localization -- 11. Contrasting crystal plasticity with that in amorphous media -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter 22. Mechanical properties of single-phase crystalline media: Deformation in the presence of diffusion -- 1. Overview -- 2. Phenomenology of power-law creep -- 3. Creep in solid-solution alloys -- 4. Harper-Dorn creep -- 5. Static thermal recovery -- 6. Processes in steady-state creep in pure metals and class II solid-solution alloys -- 7. Diffusional flow -- 8. Grain-boundary sliding during creep -- 9. Superplasticity -- 10. Other creep related phenomena -- 11. Isomechanical scaling laws of inelastic behavior -- 12. Phenomenological descriptions of homogenized continuum deformation behavior -- References. Further reading.
This is the fourth edition of a work which first appeared in 1965. The first edition had approximately one thousand pages in a single volume. This latest volume has almost three thousand pages in 3 volumes which is a fair measure of the pace at which the discipline of physical metallurgy has grown in the intervening 30 years. Almost all the topics previously treated are still in evidence in this version which is approximately 50% bigger than the previous edition. All the chapters have been either totally rewritten by new authors or thoroughly revised and expanded, either by the third-edition authors alone or jointly with new co-authors. Three chapters on new topics have been added, dealing with dry corrosion, oxidation and protection of metal surfaces; the dislocation theory of the mechanical behavior of intermetallic compounds; and (most novel) a chapter on polymer science for metallurgists, which analyses the conceptual mismatch between metallurgists' and polymer scientists' way of looking at materials. Special care has been taken throughout all chapters to incorporate the latest experimental research results and theoretical insights. Several thousand citations to the research and review literature are included in this edition. There is a very detailed subject index, as well as a comprehensive author index. The original version of this book has long been regarded as the standard text in physical metallurgy and this thoroughly rewritten and updated version will retain this status.